ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic created new demands, not only for health services, but also for services in other domains such as the judicial system. New tools that assist in the analysis of the judicial process may help in this problem. In particular, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques may be applied to provide a qualitative analysis of legal documents. Although there exist a number of works that apply AI in the judicial domain, few target the pandemic or publicly provide the information extracted from the texts. Following the suggestions and needs of a legal expert, we have developed the COVID-19 Portal. It extracts documents from the Supreme Federal Court in Brazil, and applies AI technologies to obtain fine-grained quantitative and qualitative information on words used in the texts. This information is made available on a website and can help lawyers identify trends and develop arguments for judicial processes related to the pandemic. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
BackgroundWe evaluated the impact of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) on the sex work industry, and assessed how it has impacted the health and social conditions of sex workers in Singapore.MethodsWe conducted a sequential exploratory mixed methods study amidst the COVID-19 pandemic from April to October 2020, including in-depth interviews with 24 stakeholders from the sex work industry and surveyor-administered structured surveys in the field with 171 sex workers. The in-depth interviews allowed the team to qualitatively explore and generate themes around how COVID-19 had impacted sex workers in Singapore, and informed the design of the quantitative surveyor-administered survey questionnaire. Qualitative data were analyzed through framework analysis while survey data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, and multivariable Poisson regression models.ResultsCOVID-19 had a substantial impact on sex workers’ income, while the illegality of sex work, stigma, and the lack of work documentation were cited as exclusionary factors for access to alternative jobs or government relief. Sex workers had experienced an increase in food insecurity (57.3%), housing insecurity (32.8%), and sexual violence and compromise (8.2%), as well as a decrease in access to medical services (16.4%). Being transgender female was positively associated with increased food insecurity (aPR=1.23, 95%CI [1.08, 1.41]), housing insecurity (aPR=1.28, 95%CI [1.03, 1.60]) and decreased access to medical services (aPR=1.74, 95%CI [1.23, 2.46]), being a venue-based sex worker was positively associated with increased food insecurity (aPR=1.46, 95%CI [1.00, 2.13]), and being a non-Singaporean citizen or permanent resident was positively associated with increased housing insecurity (aPR=2.59, 95%CI [1.73, 3.85]).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that COVID-19 has led to a loss of income for sex workers, leading to a worsening of social and health conditions for sex workers. A lack of access to government relief among sex workers exacerbated such conditions.